     [file version.texi not included]

This file documents bigFORTH/MINOS VERSION

Copyright © 1995-1999 Free Software Foundation, Inc.

Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are preserved on all copies.

Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided also that the sections entitled "Distribution" and "General Public License" are included exactly as in the original, and provided that the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission notice identical to this one.

Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions, except that the sections entitled "Distribution" and "General Public License" may be included in a translation approved by the author instead of in the original English.

Gforth is a free implementation of ANS Forth available on many personal machines. This manual corresponds to version VERSION.

MINOS Documentation
*******************

Introduction
============

Abstract
--------

MINOS is the answer to the question ``Is there something like Visual BASIC (Microsoft) or Delphi (Inprise) in Forth?'' --- and the answer is ``yes''.

Basically, these GUI RADs contain two components: a library with a wide variety of elements for a graphical user interface; e.g. windows, buttons, edit-controls, drawing areas, etc.; and an editor to combine the elements with the mouse by drag&drop or click&point actions. Missing code then is inserted to add actions when buttons are pressed.

Typical applications are often related to data base access. Therefore, many of these systems already contain a data base engine or at least a standardized interface to a data base, such as ODBC.

Another aspect are complex components. With some of these toolkits, you can create a web browser with some mouse clicks and a few keystrokes. However, these components hide their details, a shrink wrapped web browser application is not necessarily worse.

The interactivity of these tools usually is not very high. You create your form, write your actions as code and compile it more (Delphi) or less (Visual Age for C++) fast. Trying it usually isn't possible before the compiler run.

WYSIWYD
-------

It isn't really necessary to brush graphical user interfaces together, as it isn't to edit texts WYSIWYG. Many typesetting functions are more semantically than visual, e.g. a text is a headline or emphasized instead of written in bold 18 point Garamond or 11 point Roman italics. All this is true for user interfaces, to some extend much more. It's not the programmer that decides which font and size to use for the UI --- that's up to the user. As is color of buttons and texts.

Also to layout individual widgets, more abstraction than defining position, width and height makes sense. Typically buttons are arranged horizontally or vertically, perhaps with a bit distance between them. The size of buttons must follow the containing strings, and should conform to aesthetics (e.g. each button in a row has the same width).

Such an abstract model, related to TeX's boxes&glues, programs quite good even without a visual editor. The programmer isn't responsible for ``typesetting'' the buttons and boxes. This approach is quite usual in Unix. Motif and Tcl/Tk use neighborhood relations, Interviews uses boxes&glues. I decided for boxes&glues, since it's a fast and intuitive solution, although it needs more objects to get the same result.

These concepts contradict somehow with a graphical editing process, since the editors I know don't provide abstract concepts (``place left of an object'' or ``place in a row''), but positions.

Visual Forth
------------

One point makes me think: the packets that allow real visual form programming have many years of programming invested in. Microsoft, Borland, and IBM may hire hundreds of programmers just for one such project. This man-power isn't available for any Forth project. But stop:

 1. Forth claims that good programmers can work much more efficient with Forth

 2. A team of 300 (wo)men blocks itself. If the boss partitions the work, the programmers need to document functions, and to read documents from other programmer related to other functions and must understand them, or ask questions to figure things out. Everybody knows that documenting takes much longer than writing the code, and explaining is even worse. Thus at a certain project complexity level, no time is left for the programming task; all time is used to specify planned functions and read the specification from other programmers. Or the programmers just chat before the door holes of the much too small and noisy cubicles.

 3. A good programmer reportedly works 20 times as fast as a bad, even though he can't type in more key strokes per time. The resulting program is either up to 20 times shorter or has 20 times less bugs (or both) --- with more functionality at the same time. Teamwork however prevents good programmers from work, since they are frustrated by bad programmers surrounding them, from their inability to produce required information in time; and the bad programmers are frustrated by the good ones, which makes them even worse.

 4. Therefore, even in large projects, the real work is (or should be) done by a small ``core team''. Then the Dilbert rule applies: what can be done with two people, can be done with one at half of the costs.

Furthermore, bigFORTH-DOS already contains a ``Text-GUI'', without graphical editor, but with an abstract boxes&glue concept, which, as claimed above, hinders the use of such an editor.

Finally I wanted to get rid of DOS, and port bigFORTH to a real operating system (Linux). In contrast to Windows and OS/2, user interface and screen access are separated there. Drawing on the screen uses the X Window System (short X), the actual user interface is implemented in a library. This is the reason, why there is no common interface, but a lot of different libraries, such as Athena Widgets, Motif, Tcl/Tk, xforms, Qt, gtk, and others. The ``look and feel'' from Motif-like buttons is quite common, even Windows and MacOS resemble it.

All these libraries have disadvantages. The Athena Widgets are hopelessly outdated.  Motif is commercial, even if a free clone (Lesstif) is in creation. It's slow and a memory hog. Tcl/Tk consumes less memory, but it's even slower.  How do you explain your users that drawing a window takes seconds, while Quake renders animated 3D-graphic on the same machine? Qt is fast, but it's written in C++ and doesn't have a foreign language interface now. gtk, the GIMP toolkit, has more foreign language interfaces, and it's free, but it wasn't available until recently.

Therefore I decided to port the widget classes from bigFORTH-DOS to X, and write an editor for it. Such classes written in Forth naturally fit in an development environment and are --- from the Forth point of view --- easier to maintain.  There are not such many widget libraries in C, because it's a task written in an afternoon, but because the available didn't fit the requests, and a modification looked desperate.

Codename MINOS
--------------

``Visual XXX'' is an all day's name, and it's too much of a microsoftism for me. ``Forth'' is a no-word, especially since the future market consists of one billion Chinese, and for them four is a number of unluck (because ``se'' (four) sounds much like ``se'' (death)). However, even Borland doesn't call their system ``Visual TurboPascal'', but ``Delphi''.

Greek is good, anyway, since this library relates to the boxes&glues model of TeX, which is pronounced Greek, too. Compared with Motif, the library is quite copact (MINimal), and since it's mainly for Linux, the phonetic distance is small... I pronounce it Greek: ``meenoz''.

Windoze
-------

I ported MINOS to Windows 95/NT, on the demand of some potential users. It doesn't run near as stable as under Linux/X, since there are a hideous number of subtle bugs in Windows, and I don't have the time to work around all of them. Drawing polygons doesn't work as well as on X, and all the bugs that are in the memory drawing device can drive me nuts. The Windows port of MINOS looks more like the ``modern Forth'' Claus Vogt portrayed in news:de.comp.lang.forth: it shows random general protection faults. Well, just like any other Windows program.

Widget Classes
==============

The primary classes of MINOS are gadgets (widgets and displays), actors, and resources (xresource and font).

Resources just provide system-specific data like window handles, display pointers, font informations, etc., they are critical for system-specific parts of display implementations.

Widgets are the central objects represented on screen. Widgets draw through displays, such as windows, viewports, etc. Since many displays can be embedded into a bigger window, they also have all widget functionality. Widgets are composed in boxes (horizontal and vertical), and automatically layouted. Boxes certainly are widgets themselves, and some of the more complicated widgets such as sliders or textboxes are derived from boxes to layout the inner parts easily.

Actors are bound to associated actions when operating a widget (i.e. clicking on it, pointing on it, or entering text). Actors provide the way to script actions.

Actors
------

ACTOR

  * All Actors have the following methods in common:

       * called This variable points to the object that is being called

       * caller This variable points to the object that is calling (the widget).

       * set ( --- ) sets the flag

       * reset ( --- ) resets the flag

       * toggle ( --- ) toggles the flag

       * fetch ( --- x1 .. xn ) queries the value(s)

       * store ( x1 .. xn --- ) changes the value(s)

       * click ( x y b n --- ) performs the action for a click

       * key ( key sh --- ) performs the action for a keystroke

       * enter ( --- ) performs the action for entering the widget

       * leave ( --- ) performs the action for leaving the widget

       * assign ( x1 .. xn --- ) initially assigns the state

       * set-called ( o --- ) sets the called object

     The stack effect you see below is the stack effect of the init method.

  * KEY-ACTOR This is an actor for keyboard macros. It inserts keystrokes into the called widget.

  * TOOLTIP ( actor tip --- ) A tooltip is a nested actor; it shows the widget tip some time after entering with the mouse, and forwards the other messages to actor

  * EDIT-ACTION ( o xt --- ) This actor handles text input field key events, and does all the editing stuff. After each keystroke and each click, it calls xt ( --- ).

       * NUMBER-ACTION ( o xt --- ) Same as EDIT-ACTION, but filters out digits only

  * SCALE-VAR ( o pos max --- ) Scaler actor, keeps position and maximum value in own variables.

       * SCALE-DO ( o pos max xt --- ) Same as SCALE-VAR, but executes xt ( pos --- ) on changes

       * SLIDER-VAR ( o pos max step --- ) Slider actor, keeps position, step, and maximum value in own variables

            * SLIDER-DO ( o pos max step xt --- ) Same as SLIDER-VAR, but executes xt ( --- ) on changes

  * SIMPLE ( o xt --- ) xt is executed at every store (no state maintained)

       * DRAG ( o xt --- ) Calls toggle on each click event

       * REP ( o xt --- ) Calls toggle repeatedly while the user holds down the mouse button

  * TOGGLE-STATE ( o xtstore xtfetch --- ) allows generic fetch and store functions

       * SCALE-ACT ( o do-store do-fetch max --- ) Generic slider actor (maximum slider position provided)

            * SLIDER-ACT ( o do-store do-fetch max --- ) Generic scaler actor (maximum scaler position provided)

  * TOGGLE-VAR ( o addr xt --- ) keeps the flag in addr, and executes xt on changes

       * TOGGLE-NUM ( o n addr xt --- ) is responsible for state n in addr (sets addr to n when set), and executes xt on changes

  * TOGGLE ( o state xtset xtreset --- ) models a flag with initial state and two functions for each state

Resources
---------

XRESOURCE

FONT

  * X-FONT

Widgets
-------

GADGET

  * WIDGET

       * TERMINAL

            * SCREDIT

                 * STREDIT

  * ARULE

       * BOXCHAR

            * HRTSIZER

                 * HXRTSIZER

                 * HSIZER

            * VRTSIZER

                 * VXRTSIZER

                 * VSIZER

            * BUTTON

                 * ALERTBUTTON

                 * MENU-ENTRY

                      * EDIMENU-ENTRY

                           * MENU-TITLE

                           * SUB-MENU

                 * (TEXTFIELD

                      * ICON-BUTTON

                           * BIG-ICON

                           * ICON-BUT

                 * LBUTTON

                      * FILE-WIDGET

                           * TEXT-LABEL

                                * MENU-LABEL

            * TOGGLECHAR

                 * FLIPICON

                 * TOGGLEICON

                 * TBUTTON

                      * TICONBUTTON

                      * TOGGLEBUTTON

                      * TOPINDEX

                      * FLIPBUTTON

                      * RBUTTON

            * TRIBUTTON

                 * SLIDETRI

Boxes
-----

     COMBINED                  44  E4  40139938
       VBOX                    44  E4  4013B15C
         SLIDERVIEW            4C  E8  40146360
           ASLIDERVIEW         4C  E8  40146C2C
         VSLIDER               44  E8  401423B4
           VSCALER             50  EC  401434F4
           VSLIDER0            44  E8  40142B74
         VRBOX                 44  E4  40140E74
         VTBOX                 44  E4  4013C59C
           VRTBOX              44  E4  4014163C
           VATBOX              44  E4  4013CB70
             VARTBOX           44  E4  40141760
         COMPONENT             44  E4  4013BC8C
           VASBOX              4C  E8  40147340
           VRESIZE             44  E4  40146FF0
           MODAL               48  E4  401418AC
           VARBOX              44  E4  40141058
       HBOX                    44  E4  4013A84C
         INFO-MENU             54  E4  4014CA70
         HSLIDER               44  E8  40141D94
           HSCALER             50  EC  40142E98
           HSLIDER0            44  E8  4014292C
         HRBOX                 44  E4  401411B8
         HTBOX                 44  E4  4013C0E8
           HRTBOX              44  E4  401413F8
           HATBOX              44  E4  4013CA50
             HARTBOX           44  E4  4014151C
         HABOX                 44  E4  4013BFC8
           HASBOX              4C  E8  40147558
           HRESIZE             44  E4  40147138
           HARBOX              44  E4  401412D8
           TEXTFIELD           48  E4  40140A08
             INFOTEXTFIELD     4C  E4  40140C38
     (NIL                      24  C8  40137B80
     GLUE                      34  C8  401379F8
       GLCANVAS                58  CC  4014B670
       RULE                    38  C8  40138458
         CANVAS                78 118  40138FCC
         MFILL                 38  C8  40138A48
         MSKIP                 38  C8  40138908
           SSKIP               40  C8  40146178
         VRULE                 38  C8  40138734
         HRULE                 38  C8  40138618
       VGLUE                   34  C8  40138308
       HGLUE                   34  C8  401381EC
         TOPGLUE               34  C8  4013E908
     ICON                      28  C8  401377E4
     ICON-PIXMAP               2C  CC  4013761C

Displays
--------

     DISPLAYS                    90 178  4012FC60
       WINDOW                    A4 194  40148B18
         FILE-SELECTOR           C4 198  40151AB8
         MENU-WINDOW             A4 194  4014D09C
         FRAME                   A8 1A4  4014A698
           MENU-FRAME            A8 1A4  4014C0D0
           FRAME-TIP             AC 1A4  4014AD94
         WINDOW-STUB             A4 194  4014A2C0
       (NILSCREEN                90 178  40137D00
       BACKING                   A8 17C  40131DD0
         VIEWPORT                E0 190  40143EB4
           SCRVIEWPORT           E0 190  40123590
           HVIEWPORT             E8 190  40145F14
           VVIEWPORT             E8 190  40145CC4
         BEAMER                  B8 180  401330F8
         DOUBLEBUFFER            A8 17C  40132DB0 ok

Theseus Tutorial
================

Only a ToDo until yet.

GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE
**************************

Version 2, June 1991

     Copyright © 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
     675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA

     Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
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========

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How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs
=============================================

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     This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
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Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail.

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The hypothetical commands show w and show c should show the appropriate parts of the General Public License.  Of course, the commands you use may be called something other than show w and show c; they could even be mouse-clicks or menu items---whatever suits your program.

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     SIGNATURE OF TY COON, 1 April 1989
     Ty Coon, President of Vice

This General Public License does not permit incorporating your program into proprietary programs.  If your program is a subroutine library, you may consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with the library.  If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Library General Public License instead of this License.